Mousa Tavassoli Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran author Kosar Ghanbarpoor Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran author Laya Shamsi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Today ticks usually develop resistance to pesticides, it is therefore necessary to search for alternatives to those currently available. In the meantime the active principles of plants with acaricidal properties are a promising alternative for the control of ticks and other arthropods. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this work was evaluation of the effect of Matricaria Chamommila extract on larval and adult stages and mortality rate of Argas persicus and determination of the tick sensitivity to this plant extract. METHODS: In this study immersion method was used in order to determine of efficacy of extract on larval stage and mortality of ticks. To determine the lethal concentration, 3 suspensions 8%,2%,0.5% and 60% ethanol as control group was used from this extract. Tick immobility after turning them on their back was used as a viable or non-viable criterion. RESULTS: This extract showed considerable pesticide effects in comparison with control group (p<0.05%). Mentioned extract showed 60% mortality in 0.5 % concentration and 100% mortality in other used concentrations while the effect of extract was 0% in adult ticks. CONCLUSIONS: Our result showed that extract of Chamomile has considerable pesticide effect on larval stage of Argas, while against adult tick has no effect. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 135 139 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67954_fab0a3494588578d45cff8c8259289a8.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.141455.2424 Zahra Taghizadeh Graduate Student in Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University author Hamidreza Shokrani Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University author Ali Sookhtehzari Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University author Hassan Nayebzadeh Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University author text article 2018 per BACKGROUNDS: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, which is widely prevalent in sheep throughout the world. Parasite infection can occur pre- or post-natally. Congenital ovine toxoplasmosis occurs following a primary infection in a pregnant ewe and leads to abortion and stillbirth of the fetus causing important economical losses to sheep industry. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of T. gondii DNA in brain samples from fetuses of slaughtered ewes in Khorramabad, west of Iran. METHODS: In total, 60 brain samples of ovine fetuses were collected. Examined fetuses were categorized in three age groups (4 months). Fifty grams of each sample was homogenized by mortar and pestle. DNA extraction was performed using a DNA isolation kit (MBST, Iran). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which targets the repeated element (RE) of the organism was used for tissue samples. Brain samples were considered T. gondii-positive if the expected band size (529 bp) appeared. RESULTS: T. gondii was detected in 4 out of 60 (6·7%) examined fetuses. No case was recorded in the age group دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 141 146 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67955_9298872e7d875af1d590dae77d4be0ab.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2017.207832.2489 Maryam Sheikhan Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran author Heshmatollah Khosravinia Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran author Saeid Mohammadzadeh Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Phytogenic products are considered as nonantibiotic feed additive which may exert their possible appreciate effects on poultry performance and health through stimulated digestive secretions. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Satureja khuzistanica powder (SKP) on pH of intestine contents, bile secretion and composition, and liver as well as blood lipids in Isfahan native breeder cocks. METHODS: Thirty-six 40-wk-old Isfahan native breeder cocks were individually caged and randomly allotted to three groups of 12 birds each and fed with diets containing 0 (control), 20 or 40 g/kg SKP for 10 weeks. At the end of experimental period all birds were killed and used for data collection on dry weight and pH of intestine segments, liver, bile and blood variables. RESULTS: Mean pH value in ceca contents was lower in the birds received diets containing 40 g/kg SKP compared with control cocks (P>0.05). Addition of SKP in diet at 20 g/kg significantly decreased liver lipids compared with the birds fed on control diet and the diet containing 40 g/ kg (P<0.05). Liver score based on external appraisal of the organ was improved in the cocks fed with SKP-supplemented diets compared with control birds (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that supplementation of diet with SKP could improve liver health and function in breeder cocks through reduced total lipids accumulation in liver. However, SKP does not exert cholinergic effect in cocks. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 147 153 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67956_31a04e937e8afb80f6aeb0f00aa74b4c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.133525.2363 Reza Akrami Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Zeid Ahmadi Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Mahshid Shamloo Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Farzaneh ahaabibi Nodeh Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Fatemah Sadeghi Asl Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Nazanin Zarrini Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author Hosein Chitsaz Department of Fisheries, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Replacement of natural materials with syntheticdrugs in order to increase production and safety. OBJECTIVE: The purposeof this study was to investigate the effect of feed supplemented with ginger (Zingiberofficinale) extract on the growth, biochemical and hemato-immunologicalparameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). METHODS: Fishwith an average body weight 14.1±0.2 g were fed diet for 8 weeks with 0.5% and1% ginger extract and with unsupplemented commercial diet as the control. Bloodsamples were collected from caudal vein from apparently healthy fish at the endof trial. Growth (weight gain, specific growth ratio and condition factor),hematological (RBC,WBC, Hb, Hct, monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil),Biochemical (glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, AST,ALT, LDH and ALP) and immunological (lysozym activity, ACH50,IgM, and SOD)parameters were determined. RESULTS: The results showed that there wereno significant differences (p>0.05) in growth, hematological, biochemicaland metabolic enzymes between fish fed control and ginger extractsupplementation. The lowest level of cortisol was observed in 0.5% gingerextract (p<0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in 0.5%ginger extract fed fish (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggestthat by using 0.5% ginger extract there will be an improvement in growth andimmune function of rainbow trout دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 155 163 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67957_aedf3982818b40a475aaf71dfa094052.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.129805.2337 Mozhgan Sadeghi afrakati 1Graduated From the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Abolfazl Kamkar 2Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Reducing the detrimental effects of freeradicals, in biological and food systems by antioxidants is important, thusproviding antioxidants is necessary in community health and food safety. OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present study was to determine antioxidant and antiradicalactivity of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Grape leaves in vitro. METHODS:Grape leaves were extracted using the solvents: distilled water, ethanol andmethanol and the antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH,β-carotene-linoleic acid, total phenolic compounds and total flavonoidcompounds  assays. RESULTS: IC50for DPPH radical-scavenging activity in water, ethanol and methanolextracts  were (71.90±0.714,  37.38±0.318 and 46.66±0.481µg/ml) and alsothe percentage of inhibition free radicals in β-carotene-linoleic acid were (86.51±1.84, 97.08±1.30 and 88.20±1.27).These  parameters for  BHT in DPPH test  and  β-carotene linoleic acid  test are 13.58±0.000 µg/ml  and  94.56±0.62 %. Total phenolic compounds andflavonoid compounds were calculated (158.02±1.39, 201.60±1.55 and 180.19±2.26mg/g) and (37/16±1.64, 54.74±0.83 and 46.07±0.18 mg/g ). According to theresults in this study, the highest radical scavenging effect was observed inethanol, then methanol extract and water extract had the lowest activity. CONCLUSIONS:It seems the ethanolic extract could be considered as a cheap, easilyaccessible and potential source of natural antioxidants for food andpharmaceutical purposes دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 165 171 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67958_b40ac76f48dbba7b4ad4169f031bca93.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.133796.2365 Samad Bahrami Babaheydari 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran author Saeed Keyvanshokooh گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دریا دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، خرمشهر، ایران author Salar Dorafshan 2Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran author Seyed Ali Johari Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: The induction of triploidy is an effective strategy for the production of sterile fish for aquaculture and has usually been reported to be accompanied by modifications in physiological characteristics. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of triploidy induction on growth performance and amino acid profiles in rainbow trout. METHODS: Eight female (total weight 1600 ± 246 g) and six male (total weight 1393 ± 186 g) four-year-old healthy rainbow trout were used in this study. Triploidy was inducted through the application of heat shock of 28 ºC for 10 min to eggs 10 min post fertilization in an aquarium equipped with a heater. During the 38 days of rearing period, the fish were fed a rainbow trout commercial diet (BioMar, France) 12 times a day at the rate of 7% of their body weight. Fish ploidy level was determined by erythrocyte size measurement. RESULTS: Based on red blood cell analysis, the overall triploidization success level was 87.1%. Growth performance was significantly higher in diploids as compared to triploids (p<0.05). The levels of non essential amino acids increased and the levels of essential amino acids decreased as an effect of triploidy induction. CONCLUSIONS: Triploidy induction in rainbow trout affects growth performance and amino acid profiles in rainbow trout. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 173 180 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67959_735e84bdd520a32498bf098181ed5b3b.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.132957.2359 Seyed Samad Hosseini 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Mojtaba Alishahi 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Koroush Amini 3Inland Waters Aquatics Stocks Research Center Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran author Mohammadreza Aabbaspour Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran author Masoud Ghorbanpoor 5Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran author Takavar Mohammadian گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز ، اهواز، ایران author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: In aquaculture the fast growth, high feed efficiency and increased resistance against pathogens are favorable. One of the suitable approaches for improving the growth indices and resistance against pathogens is the application of probiotic bacteria. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nano/microencapsulated Lactobasillus bulgaricus by nano alginate/chitosan on the growth rate and feeding efficiency of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. METHODS: This experiment was conducted in a completely random design in four groups and group (5) with triplicate. 375 fish weighing (27.28±2.86 gr mean±SD), were randomly divided in to five equal groups in triplicates. The test groups were as follows: fish in T1 were fed with alginate/chitosan without bacterium, fish in T2 were fed with encapsulated bacteria with emulsification method, fish in T3 were fed with encapsulated bacteria with Ionicgelation method, fish in T4 were fed with only bacteria and control group. The fish were fed  3% of body weight per day. RESULTS: The results showed  the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was measured in T3 (1.64±0.11) and the lowest was observed in T4 (1.14±0.06).The highest values of SGR, PER, FER in T4 were seen among  the  treatments at days 30 and 60.                                                                                                                                             CONCLUSIONS: According the result, nanoalginat/Chithosan used for encapsulation of probiotics can be lead to decrease in growth performance compared to the other treatments. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 181 190 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67960_56f2f6988ac7153caba35d92579f90cc.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.209113.2485 Aliasghar Chalmeh Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Mehrdad Pourjafar Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Saeid Nazifi Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Heydari Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Ali Alipour Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Iman Saadat Akhtar Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Mohammad Hosein Nooranizadeh Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran author Vahidreza Khoshronejad D.V.M, Private Sector, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Different breeds of horses have distinct andspecific metabolic profiles which reflect the health status of horses. OBJECTIVES:The present study was performed to determine the circulating metabolicbiomarkers and their correlations in Darehshori horses. METHODS: Bloodsamples were taken from 56 Darehshori horses (5 to 7 years old). They weredivided into 2 groups containing 26 non-pregnant and non-lactating mares and 30stallions. Sera were separated and assayed for glucose, insulin,beta-hydroxybutiric acid, non-esterified fatty acid, cholesterol, triglycerideand high, low and very low density lipoproteins. RESULTS: Serum concentrationof beta-hydroxybutiric acid in stallions was significantly higher than inmares. The remaining metabolic biomarkers showed no significant differencesbetween the two studied groups. There were negative and non- significantcorrelations between insulin and glucose in both sexes. Insulin was negativelycorrelated with cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low densitylipoproteins in studied groups. The negative relationships were seen amongglucose and cholesterol, triglyceride and high, low and very low densitylipoproteins in mares and stallions. In both groups, non-esterified fatty acidand beta-hydroxybutiric acid were negatively correlated with serum lipidprofile. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study provided ageneral pattern for normal values of metabolic profile biomarkers innon-pregnant mares and stallions of Darehshori horses. These values also helpveterinarians to diagnose metabolic abnormalities of this breed. However,season, age, management, nutritional and different physiological states mayalter the values of these biomarkers and in interpreting the changes, theseconditions should be considered دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 191 197 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67961_2b95fa283195515095f02ad5a3525d04.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.139278.2406 Aidin Azizpour Meshginshahr Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran author Hossein Ghoudarzi Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran author Saeid Charkhkar Department of Poultry Diseases, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran author Reza Momayez Department of Poultry Diseases, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran author Mohammad Hasan Hablolvarid 4Department of Pathology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran author Peyman Bijanzad Department of Clinical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Avian influenza virus H9N2 subtype and Ornithobacteriumrhinotracheale (ORT) causes histopathological lesions in birds. Yet, thereis not any study on tissue lesions caused by these pathogens co-infection inspecific pathogen free (SPF) chicks. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this studywas to evaluate the type, severity and extent of histopathological lesionsinduced by co-infection of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and Ornithobacteriumrhinotracheale in SPF chickens. METHODS: Sixty, one-day-old SPFchicks were divided randomly into three groups of twenty. At 21 days, thechicks in the first group were infected with H9N2 subtype AI virus and thesecond group was inoculated with H9N2 subtype AI virus and ORT simultaneously.The third group was inoculated with PBS as control. Then, three birds from eachgroup were randomly selected and euthanized and autopsied at 2  till 16 days post-inoculation (DPI). Thetissue samples were collected from trachea, lungs, liver, spleen, thymus, kidneys,cecal tonsil and bursa of fabricius. They were cut into 5 to 6 μm thicknesssections using paraffin embedding method and were stained by Hematoxylin andEosin (H&E). RESULTS: The severity of histopathological lesions inthe second group was higher than first group. Tissue changes were not observedin control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed thatinfected chickens with H9N2 subtype AI virus and ORT simultaneously causeexacerbated histopathological lesions compared to H9N2 subtype of AI virus دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 199 207 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67968_c3d553fa819d10c3079334591b7389a6.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.136114.2380 Reza Avizeh Department of Clinical Sciences, Shahid Chamran Universityof Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Alireza Ghadiri Department of Clinical Sciences, Shahid Chamran Universityof Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Amir Masoud Hajipour Department of Clinical Sciences, Shahid Chamran Universityof Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: A clean bowel preparation prior to X-ray examination is essential to obtain an accurate diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to compare the effect of senna and polyethylene glycol on the bowel preparation of dogs before abdominal radiography. METHODS: Six adult healthy mongrel dogs from each sex ranging in age from 18 to 30 months received either 4 or 8 g/kg polyethylene glycol or 20 mg/kg senna through an orogastric tube 3 weeks apart. Food was withheld approximately 12 hours prior to drug administration. Radiography was performed 12 hours after bowel preparation. Only water was given ad libitum to animals during the day before radiography. Radiologist who was unaware of the method of bowel preparation, reviewed the standard radiographs and graded the feces and gas in the colon and rectum, fecal radio-opacity and quality of radiographs on a scale of 0 to 3 (0=inadequate to 3=excellent). Dogs were observed for any drugs side effects up to two weeks after administration of the laxatives. RESULTS: The cleanliness scores of colon for the 4 and 8 g/kg polyethylene glycol and senna groups were similar, 2.17±0.41. Also, the cleanliness scores of rectum for the 4 and 8 g/kg polyethylene glycol and senna groups were 2.50±0.55, 1.83±0.75 and 2.50±0.55, respectively. Both polyethylene glycol dosages and senna significantly improve bowel cleansing score in dogs (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to colon cleansing scores, fecal radio-opacity and quality of radiographs (p≥0.05). 8 mg/kg polyethylene glycol significantly reduces feces impaction in rectum versus 4 mg/kg (p<0.05). There were no clinical differences between the two groups for any of the side effects. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that 8 mg/kg polyethylene glycol and senna are safe and effective methods of colon cleansing, well tolerated by dogs. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 209 216 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67969_673487ac729813a422e70c45c008ede8.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.136283.2381 Sarang Soroori Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran author Mohammad Molazem Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran author Amir Rostami 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Zahra Ferdosizadeh Graduated From the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Roshanak Mokhtari Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Metabolic bone disease is a common disease in the pet reptiles. Early diagnosis of this disease has an important role in the treatment and prevention from complications. Since metabolic bone diseases causes bone density to decrease, it is assumed the CT scan can be used as a suitable method to diagnosis early changes in the bone density. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was providing a range of cortical and trabecular Hounsfield Numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the healthy green iguana by the aid of computed tomography which can be used as a reference. METHODS: Twelve healthy green iguanas were included in this study and based on the body length were divided into three groups. Complete information about maintenance including maintaining environment and nutrition conditions were recorded in questionnaires designed for this study. Lateral and dorsoventral radiographs were obtained using digital radiology to confirm the health of the skeletal system. To achieve CT plans, the animals were restricted by warping method. After obtaining topogram, with the aid of Osteo Protocol, cross sectional images were acquired from random thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. CT images were subsequently evaluated in Syngo MMWP VE40A Medical Software. The results were analyzed using SPSS statistic software. RESULTS: According to statistic results, the mean Hounsfield Number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were presented due to the body length of the green iguana. Since the cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae in all three groups  varied meaningfully and  only variable “body length” was considered influential on cortical mineral bone density of lumbar vertebrae. Cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae can be used as a reference for detecting the early bone density changes in green iguana.             CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography can be an excellent alternative for early detection of the MBD in pet green iguanas. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 217 222 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67971_95afc2aa67c3eac09b7964dffeb27081.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.203619.2454 Alireza Ghadiri 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Bahman Mosallanejad 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author Nstaran Akbari Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Ambient temperature has a significant effect on the thyroid gland function. Thyroid gland can be assessed by ultrasonography and measurement of thyroid hormones. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this survey was normal ultrasonographic findings of thyroid gland in cat in warm (July) and cold (February) seasons. METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 native, adult healthy cats. Thyroid hormones including T3 and T4 were measured in each cat before ultrasonography. After finding thyroid gland, echogenesity, length, width and height of each lobe (right and left) were measured. RESULTS: Both thyroid lobes were scanable and symmetrical on each side. In sagittal plane it had a fusiform shape and in transverse plane it appeared as an oval or roughly triangular structure. The thyroid parenchyma was homogenously echogenic. The echogenecity of the gland was more than the neck muscles and no difference was seen between cold and warm seasons. Dimensions of each lobe were slightly larger in cold season than warm season. The differences in width and volume were significant (p<0.05) but the differences were not significant in length and height (p>0.05). The mean of the length, width, height and volume of both lobes were in normal range for cat with the same weight. Total means of length, width, height (mm) and volume (cm3) of both lobes were 17.2, 2.6, 2.7, and 0.07 in two seasons respectively. Also, the difference was significant in concentration of T3 and T4 hormones between cold and warm seasons, so that thyroid hormone concentrations were higher in cold season than warm season (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that the reduction in air temperature has an extraordinary effect on increasing thyroid gland size and thyroid hormone concentrations in native adult cats in Ahvaz district. This effect can be due to the influence of cold in the increase of body metabolism and thyroid gland function. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 223 229 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67972_bf75a50557d91bf97e13da3f407805e0.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.134145.2375 Nima Mosavat Department of Animal Sciences, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran author Mohammad Chamani 2Department of Animal Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran author Farhad Foroudi Department of Animal Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran author Aliasghar Sadeghi Department of Animal Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Betaine is a derivative of three methylates of glycine amino acids, found in the body of many animals. Objectives: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of betaine supplementation in the diet on gene expression and activities of lipogenic enzymes, and lipid levels of blood and liver in broilers. Methods: A total of 320 broilers were evaluated (Ross 308) in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates, with the diets consisted of the control treatment which did not use the betaine supplementation. The second, third and fourth treatments contained 0.05, 0.08 and 0.11% betaine hydrochloride 98%, respectively. Results: Betaine supplementation to the diet has no significant effect on lipoprotein lipase gene expression, and the activities of enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase (p> 0.05). Betaine supplementation caused a significant decrease in liver cholesterol and triglyceride chicks fourth treatment (containing betaine hydrochloride 0.11 percent) compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: In general, the results show that in broilers lipoprotein lipase gene expression and the activities of enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase are less influenced by betaine. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 231 241 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67973_1f4c443d2ef6b2d19bc51bef054b0170.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.131977.2351 Ghasem Akbari Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran author Siamak Kazemi-Darabadi Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran author Masood Adibmoradi Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Davoud Kianifard Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Cryptorchidism is a congenital anomaly in which one (unilateral cryptorchidism) or both (bilateral cryptorchidism) testes fail to descend into the scrotum.                  OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical and histological structure of the inguinal testis in the adult donkey. METHODS: In this study, after examination of the 59 donkeys, three of them with unilateral cryptorchidism in inguinal region were identified. These animals were euthanized, and their testicles were removed and evaluated biometrically. Then, the samples were fixated in 10% formalin solution and after sectioning, were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and PAS, and examined under a light microscope. RESULTS: The results showed that the inguinal testes were stiff, epididymis was not determined and their size and weight were less than scrotal testes. The difference between the weight of cryptorchid and healthy testicles was statistically significant (p<0.05). Seminiferous tubules had lost their natural shape and inner cavity tubes did not have germ cells, and only a limited number of Sertoli cells could be seen. Remaining seminiferous tubules were only visible in the mediastinum. The cortical and subcapsular regions were without tubes and were occupied by loose connective tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that the inguinal testes in adult donkeys lost their natural structure and more connective tissues and blood vessels are substituted. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 243 249 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67974_bd2052da4956712d3f13dbc0c8275d87.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2018.207758.2478 Saeid Tabatabaei 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Gholamraza Nikbakhat Brujeni گروه میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران author Majid Tebyanian 2Department of Immunology, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran author Khalil Zainel 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Seyed Amir Hossein Jalali 3Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran author text article 2018 per BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is a common disease in the neonate calf which imposes significant economic burden on cattle industry around the world. During the first week after birth, Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) strains carrying F5 fimbria are one of the most important pathogens causing calf diarrhea. F5 fimbria is involved in early stage of pathogenesis and is responsible for attachment of bacteria to enterocytes; this attachment is mediated by FanC protein of F5 fimbria. Antibodies directed against F5 fimbriae play a significant role in prevention and control of the disease. Objectives: Evaluation and expression of recombinant expression of F5 Fimbriae of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli associated with calf diarrhea. Methods: In the present study,  the fanC region of F5 fimbria was cloned in a pET28a plasmid. Results: The recombinant construct was confirmed by sequencing and protein production in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was evaluated by western blotting procedure. Conclusions: Based on our findings, the recombinant FanC protein or the BL21 (DE3) strain are suitable candidates to develop an effective vaccine against calf colibacillosis or use in a diagnostic kit for F5+ ETEC. دانشگاه تهران 2008-2525 73 v. 2 no. 2018 251 257 https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_67975_9cc3815a38013d2abdb9995eadda1b97.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2017.207837.2479