University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Effects of Cadmium Poisoning on the Expression of NF-kB/MAPK and CD163 Genes in Rat Adrenal Gland Effects of Cadmium Poisoning on the Expression of NF-kB/MAPK and CD163 Genes in Rat Adrenal Gland 1 8 92499 10.22059/jvr.2023.349449.3304 FA Atieh Gholami Graduated from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Marjani Graduated from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Hesaraki Department of Pathobiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 24 BACKGROUND: Cadmium is a heavy metal harmful to animals and humans. Exposure to it causes inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis in numerous tissues, including the adrenal. OBJECTIVES: The present research investigates the effect of cadmium toxicity on the expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Inflammation increases the rate of parenchymal cell death, and fibrosis will only fill the place of dead cells without being able to perform the function of the primary parenchyma. METHODS: In this research, cadmium chloride with a concentration of 20 mg/kg was added to the diet of ten mice in two groups of five. On the 30th day of the study, the adrenal glands were quickly sent to the laboratory. The expression of NF-kB/MAPK, hematoxylin, eosin tissue staining, and immunohistochemistry (CD163) were performed. RESULTS: The inflammation mentioned in others’ research can also be associated with the activation of the nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB) pathway. NF-κB gene products initiate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 pathways. Previous studies indicate that MAPK induces necrosis or apoptosis in tissues. In histopathology, dense and possibly pyknosis nuclei are more common in the cadmium group. The higher expression of the CD163 molecule in the cadmium group reveals the beginning of the fibrosis process after chronic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides more basic data to investigate the mechanism of adrenal damage in cadmium poisoning. Cadmium causes the death of cells by affecting the inflammatory pathways. Additionally, the stimulation of the fibrosis process causes greater irreparable damage to the damaged tissue of the adrenal gland. BACKGROUND: Cadmium is a heavy metal harmful to animals and humans. Exposure to it causes inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis in numerous tissues, including the adrenal. OBJECTIVES: The present research investigates the effect of cadmium toxicity on the expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Inflammation increases the rate of parenchymal cell death, and fibrosis will only fill the place of dead cells without being able to perform the function of the primary parenchyma. METHODS: In this research, cadmium chloride with a concentration of 20 mg/kg was added to the diet of ten mice in two groups of five. On the 30th day of the study, the adrenal glands were quickly sent to the laboratory. The expression of NF-kB/MAPK, hematoxylin, eosin tissue staining, and immunohistochemistry (CD163) were performed. RESULTS: The inflammation mentioned in others’ research can also be associated with the activation of the nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB) pathway. NF-κB gene products initiate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 pathways. Previous studies indicate that MAPK induces necrosis or apoptosis in tissues. In histopathology, dense and possibly pyknosis nuclei are more common in the cadmium group. The higher expression of the CD163 molecule in the cadmium group reveals the beginning of the fibrosis process after chronic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides more basic data to investigate the mechanism of adrenal damage in cadmium poisoning. Cadmium causes the death of cells by affecting the inflammatory pathways. Additionally, the stimulation of the fibrosis process causes greater irreparable damage to the damaged tissue of the adrenal gland.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92499_9c8b1eebf9c954127200189444878813.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Evaluation of Skin Repairing and Antifungal Properties of Alcoholic Extract of Laleh abbasi (Mirabilis jalapa) Leaf on Induced Wounds in Laboratory White Rat Model Evaluation of Skin Repairing and Antifungal Properties of Alcoholic Extract of Laleh abbasi (Mirabilis jalapa) Leaf on Induced Wounds in Laboratory White Rat Model 9 19 92589 10.22059/jvr.2022.340558.3247 FA Behran Zamani Raad Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyed Hossein Mardjanmehr Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Farhang Sasani Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Alireza Khosravi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Gharagozlou Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 26 BACKGROUND: Based on the historical and recently published documents, it has been demonstrated that Mirabilis jalapa as a herbal medicine may be used as remedies for various health problems included wound healing purposes. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi green leaf on healing open wounds induced by skin puncture in the back of rats. METHODS: Collecting and drying Laleh abbasi leaves, leaf extracting through Soxhlet procedure, analyzing the extract via gc / ms method, and preparing eucerin-based extract ointment were done according to recommended routine procedures. Herein, we recruited 40 male rats that were randomly divided into five groups of eight, namely the control, phenytoin treatment, eucerin, 5% eucerin extract, and 7.5% eucerin extract ointment treatment groups. Skin puncture and application of ointments on the induced wounds were carried out. Subsequently, tissue samples were taken on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, followed by which histological slides were prepared and stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining methods. In vitro mycological studies were conducted using opportunistic fungi, including Candida, Mucor, and Aspergillus species. RESULTS: Based on the macroscopic evaluations of the wound healing process and microscopic assessments of tissue samples stained with Harris H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods, the groups treated with eucerin-based ointments containing ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaf had statistically significant positive wound healing responses compared to the other groups. However, the 7.5% ointment group showed statistically better responses compared to the 5% ointment group. The data obtained in the present preliminary experiment on rat model indicated that the extract could facilitate the wound healing process in terms of healing parameters, such as accelerating epithelium repair, creating a favorable inflammatory reaction, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and collagen precipitation. The antifungal effects of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaves on Aspergillus fumigatos, fusarium, Candida albicans and Candida cruzei were demonstrated in vitro using saboro dextrose agar medium. CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings of this experimental study and the findings of other researchers, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract from Laleh abbasi leaves is of healing and antifungal properties. BACKGROUND: Based on the historical and recently published documents, it has been demonstrated that Mirabilis jalapa as a herbal medicine may be used as remedies for various health problems included wound healing purposes. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi green leaf on healing open wounds induced by skin puncture in the back of rats. METHODS: Collecting and drying Laleh abbasi leaves, leaf extracting through Soxhlet procedure, analyzing the extract via gc / ms method, and preparing eucerin-based extract ointment were done according to recommended routine procedures. Herein, we recruited 40 male rats that were randomly divided into five groups of eight, namely the control, phenytoin treatment, eucerin, 5% eucerin extract, and 7.5% eucerin extract ointment treatment groups. Skin puncture and application of ointments on the induced wounds were carried out. Subsequently, tissue samples were taken on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, followed by which histological slides were prepared and stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining methods. In vitro mycological studies were conducted using opportunistic fungi, including Candida, Mucor, and Aspergillus species. RESULTS: Based on the macroscopic evaluations of the wound healing process and microscopic assessments of tissue samples stained with Harris H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods, the groups treated with eucerin-based ointments containing ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaf had statistically significant positive wound healing responses compared to the other groups. However, the 7.5% ointment group showed statistically better responses compared to the 5% ointment group. The data obtained in the present preliminary experiment on rat model indicated that the extract could facilitate the wound healing process in terms of healing parameters, such as accelerating epithelium repair, creating a favorable inflammatory reaction, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and collagen precipitation. The antifungal effects of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaves on Aspergillus fumigatos, fusarium, Candida albicans and Candida cruzei were demonstrated in vitro using saboro dextrose agar medium. CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings of this experimental study and the findings of other researchers, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract from Laleh abbasi leaves is of healing and antifungal properties.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92589_3c382c8e96d62c3b1f57cbaace91070c.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Comparison to Methods; Serum Antibody ELISA and Fecal Nested-PCR to Diagnose Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Subspecies Infection in Cattle Comparison to Methods; Serum Antibody ELISA and Fecal Nested-PCR to Diagnose Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Subspecies Infection in Cattle 21 29 92621 10.22059/jvr.2023.348764.3299 FA Ali Kolivand Graduate from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Rahim Haji Hajikolaei Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Nouri Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Khosravi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran Dariush Gharibi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2023 02 13 BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the cause of a common disease in dairy herds. Early diagnosis of paratuberculosis infection can improve Johne’s disease control programs. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the sensitivity, and specificity to methods; blood serum ELISA and stool Nested-PCR for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle. METHODS: A commercial ELISA kit was used to perform the absorbed ELISA test, which was conducted after exposing serum samples to Mycobacterium phlei antigens to limit cross-reactions. Nested-PCR test was performed using nucleotide sequences related to specific MAP gene fragments, i.e. IS900. RESULTS: As a result of the ELISA antibodies kit, out of the total 2203 serum samples, 112 samples were positive (5.08 %) and 2091 samples were negative (94.92 %). The results of Nested-PCR tests of rectal feces showed that out of 59 cows with the positive results in serum ELISA, 47 (79.66 %) samples were positive and 12 (20.34 %) samples were negative. Moreover, out of 31 cattle with a negative result on the ELISA test, 15 (48.38%) and 16 cattle (51.62 %) had positive and negative results, respectively, on the nested PCR tests of the feces samples. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low sensitivity of PCR compared to ELISA, the positive and negative predictive values, and the accuracy of ELISA test, as well as the high cost and time-consuming nature of PCR and the need for more and more complex facilities than ELISA, the authors concluded that ELISA is a more suitable method for screening and epidemiological studies than PCR. BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the cause of a common disease in dairy herds. Early diagnosis of paratuberculosis infection can improve Johne’s disease control programs. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the sensitivity, and specificity to methods; blood serum ELISA and stool Nested-PCR for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle. METHODS: A commercial ELISA kit was used to perform the absorbed ELISA test, which was conducted after exposing serum samples to Mycobacterium phlei antigens to limit cross-reactions. Nested-PCR test was performed using nucleotide sequences related to specific MAP gene fragments, i.e. IS900. RESULTS: As a result of the ELISA antibodies kit, out of the total 2203 serum samples, 112 samples were positive (5.08 %) and 2091 samples were negative (94.92 %). The results of Nested-PCR tests of rectal feces showed that out of 59 cows with the positive results in serum ELISA, 47 (79.66 %) samples were positive and 12 (20.34 %) samples were negative. Moreover, out of 31 cattle with a negative result on the ELISA test, 15 (48.38%) and 16 cattle (51.62 %) had positive and negative results, respectively, on the nested PCR tests of the feces samples. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low sensitivity of PCR compared to ELISA, the positive and negative predictive values, and the accuracy of ELISA test, as well as the high cost and time-consuming nature of PCR and the need for more and more complex facilities than ELISA, the authors concluded that ELISA is a more suitable method for screening and epidemiological studies than PCR.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92621_d8611cc9fc2340926d7a7d6a685f4286.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Radiographic Evaluation of Effective Quantitative Criteria in Diagnosis of Laminitis before and after Trimming in Healthy Horses Radiographic Evaluation of Effective Quantitative Criteria in Diagnosis of Laminitis before and after Trimming in Healthy Horses 31 38 92594 10.22059/jvr.2022.337408.3228 FA Sarang Soroori Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Amir Tavakoli Graduate from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hesameddin Akbarein Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Bonyadi Graduate from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Banafshe Shateri Amiri Graduate from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 24 BACKGROUND: Horses are economically and emotionally valuable animals in various activities, especially sports. Thus, paying attention to their limb's health and conformation is vital. One of the most common diseases in the limbs of horses is laminitis. Horses with this condition suffer from lameness because it affects laminar tissue. In addition to clinical signs, radiographic criteria are essential for identifying this disease. OBJECTIVES: It is predicted that examining the effectiveness of quantitative radiographic criteria of the hoof can be helpful in the diagnosis of laminitis. Therefore, in this study, five quantitatively effective factors were investigated before and after hoof trimming to determine the changes in the radiographic diagnosis of laminitis. METHODS: A total of 11 clinically healthy horses were used in the current study. Using Marco DICOM Viewer software, lateral and dorsopalmar radiographs from the hoofs of both forelimbs were evaluated for the diagnosis of laminitis using effective quantitative criteria. Using SPSS version 24, paired T-tests were used to analyze quantitative data. P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: According to the results of this study, there were no significant differences between the right and left forelimbs after hoof trimming. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the four following criteria: dorsal thickness between the dorsal surface of the third phalanx and the dorsal surface of the hoof, the angle between the dorsal surface of the third phalanx and the dorsal surface of the hoof, sole thickness, and the ratio of the third phalanx dorsal surface thickness to its maximum length in each forelimb before and after hoof trimming. CONCLUSIONS: During the radiographic examination, the hoof should be positioned in a standard way to diagnose laminitis accurately. However, if the hoof is not trimmed or not trimmed properly, it can interfere with laminitis diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Horses are economically and emotionally valuable animals in various activities, especially sports. Thus, paying attention to their limb's health and conformation is vital. One of the most common diseases in the limbs of horses is laminitis. Horses with this condition suffer from lameness because it affects laminar tissue. In addition to clinical signs, radiographic criteria are essential for identifying this disease. OBJECTIVES: It is predicted that examining the effectiveness of quantitative radiographic criteria of the hoof can be helpful in the diagnosis of laminitis. Therefore, in this study, five quantitatively effective factors were investigated before and after hoof trimming to determine the changes in the radiographic diagnosis of laminitis. METHODS: A total of 11 clinically healthy horses were used in the current study. Using Marco DICOM Viewer software, lateral and dorsopalmar radiographs from the hoofs of both forelimbs were evaluated for the diagnosis of laminitis using effective quantitative criteria. Using SPSS version 24, paired T-tests were used to analyze quantitative data. P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: According to the results of this study, there were no significant differences between the right and left forelimbs after hoof trimming. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the four following criteria: dorsal thickness between the dorsal surface of the third phalanx and the dorsal surface of the hoof, the angle between the dorsal surface of the third phalanx and the dorsal surface of the hoof, sole thickness, and the ratio of the third phalanx dorsal surface thickness to its maximum length in each forelimb before and after hoof trimming. CONCLUSIONS: During the radiographic examination, the hoof should be positioned in a standard way to diagnose laminitis accurately. However, if the hoof is not trimmed or not trimmed properly, it can interfere with laminitis diagnosis.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92594_4c13fd35a6520c92c7d6f58eee8dc01a.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Anatomic and Excretory Urography Investigation of the Kidneys, Ureters and Urinary Bladder in Guinea Pig Anatomic and Excretory Urography Investigation of the Kidneys, Ureters and Urinary Bladder in Guinea Pig 39 49 92597 10.22059/jvr.2023.348776.3300 FA Saba Azimzadeh Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Siamak Alizadeh Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Reza Hosseinchi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 21 BACKGROUND: Excretory urography is a method of imaging the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder which uses contrast medium containing the iodine compounds. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical structures of urinary tract in the nephrogram, pilogram, and cystogram phases, and determine the exact standard for the size of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder in guinea pigs to be used to interpret the results, and clinical decisions. METHODS: This study was carried out on 10 guinea pigs with a mean age of 12±1.33 months and average weight of 1.12±0.18 kg. Before to the administration of contrast medium, each guinea pig was fast and Dimethicone 20 mg/kg was given orally. At the time of administration of contrast agent, each animal was sedated by using Ketamine 30 mg/kg and diazepam 5 mg/kg cocktail, and then 1500 mgI/kg of meglumine compound 60 % was injected subcutaneously over the shoulder area. Ventrodorsales and lateral abdominal X-rays were taken, thereafter every 5 minutes up to 60 minutes to complete the pylogram phase. In lateral radiographs of each guinea pig, the length of the body of the second lumbar vertebra was measured to be used as an indicator in determining the standard size of the kidneys. RESULTS: Based on the results of this study, the average length, width, and thickness of the right kidney compared to the length of the second lumbar vertebra were 2.19, 1.64, and 1.33 cm, and in the left kidney of 2.09, 1.53, and 1.41 cm and this average in right and left ureter was 6.41 and 6.22 cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The exact standards can be used in the interpretation of results, and clinical decisions to determine the normal and abnormal size of kidneys, ureters and bladder in the guinea pigs. BACKGROUND: Excretory urography is a method of imaging the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder which uses contrast medium containing the iodine compounds. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical structures of urinary tract in the nephrogram, pilogram, and cystogram phases, and determine the exact standard for the size of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder in guinea pigs to be used to interpret the results, and clinical decisions. METHODS: This study was carried out on 10 guinea pigs with a mean age of 12±1.33 months and average weight of 1.12±0.18 kg. Before to the administration of contrast medium, each guinea pig was fast and Dimethicone 20 mg/kg was given orally. At the time of administration of contrast agent, each animal was sedated by using Ketamine 30 mg/kg and diazepam 5 mg/kg cocktail, and then 1500 mgI/kg of meglumine compound 60 % was injected subcutaneously over the shoulder area. Ventrodorsales and lateral abdominal X-rays were taken, thereafter every 5 minutes up to 60 minutes to complete the pylogram phase. In lateral radiographs of each guinea pig, the length of the body of the second lumbar vertebra was measured to be used as an indicator in determining the standard size of the kidneys. RESULTS: Based on the results of this study, the average length, width, and thickness of the right kidney compared to the length of the second lumbar vertebra were 2.19, 1.64, and 1.33 cm, and in the left kidney of 2.09, 1.53, and 1.41 cm and this average in right and left ureter was 6.41 and 6.22 cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The exact standards can be used in the interpretation of results, and clinical decisions to determine the normal and abnormal size of kidneys, ureters and bladder in the guinea pigs.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92597_8855de7f5115fa01dc8b047f8a2e845a.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Comparative Genome Analysis of Infectious Human and Domestic Animal Coronaviruses Comparative Genome Analysis of Infectious Human and Domestic Animal Coronaviruses 51 65 92643 10.22059/jvr.2022.346341.3289 FA Taraneh Rajaei Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Fateme Frootan Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran Jalil Mehrzad Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8174-5431 Pouya Houshmand Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 17 BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses, which mainly cause gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, have been identified in various species. Among the extensive genomic data of disease-causing Coronaviruses in humans and animals, some similarities can be analyzed by in-silico methods. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, comparative genome analysis of medical and veterinary medicine Coronaviruses was performed to obtain more accurate information about the genetic similarities and differences of different members of this family. METHODS: The genomic sequences were retrieved from NCBI and Virus Pathogen Resource databases. Using the NCBI database blast algorithm, all sequences were aligned with the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence, and similarity was obtained. Amino acid sequences of structural and non-structural proteins associated with coding regions (CDS) were aligned separately with the SARS-CoV-2, and their similarities were calculated. The 3D structure from each protein was compared with the corresponding protein in SARS-CoV-2, and Template Modeling Scores (TM-Score) were obtained. A phylogenetic tree of different species of the Coronaviridae family was drawn based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence data. RESULTS: Nonstructural coding gene sequences detected the highest interspecies similarities in nucleotide, amino acid sequence, and 3D structure (nsp12, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16). The ORF1ab, encoding non-structural proteins, carries essential functions for viral replication. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the transcription complex is highly conserved among human and animal Coronaviruses. A comparison and analysis of the Coronaviridae transcription complex can be considered a key target for diagnosing, developing antiviral therapies, and designing vaccines. BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses, which mainly cause gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, have been identified in various species. Among the extensive genomic data of disease-causing Coronaviruses in humans and animals, some similarities can be analyzed by in-silico methods. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, comparative genome analysis of medical and veterinary medicine Coronaviruses was performed to obtain more accurate information about the genetic similarities and differences of different members of this family. METHODS: The genomic sequences were retrieved from NCBI and Virus Pathogen Resource databases. Using the NCBI database blast algorithm, all sequences were aligned with the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence, and similarity was obtained. Amino acid sequences of structural and non-structural proteins associated with coding regions (CDS) were aligned separately with the SARS-CoV-2, and their similarities were calculated. The 3D structure from each protein was compared with the corresponding protein in SARS-CoV-2, and Template Modeling Scores (TM-Score) were obtained. A phylogenetic tree of different species of the Coronaviridae family was drawn based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence data. RESULTS: Nonstructural coding gene sequences detected the highest interspecies similarities in nucleotide, amino acid sequence, and 3D structure (nsp12, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16). The ORF1ab, encoding non-structural proteins, carries essential functions for viral replication. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the transcription complex is highly conserved among human and animal Coronaviruses. A comparison and analysis of the Coronaviridae transcription complex can be considered a key target for diagnosing, developing antiviral therapies, and designing vaccines.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92643_3d54b157af11c72c9ddd53016d9a005c.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal of Veterinary Research 2008-2525 78 1 2023 03 21 Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Carvacrol Alone and in Combination with the Antibiotic Cefixime Against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Carvacrol Alone and in Combination with the Antibiotic Cefixime Against Escherichia coli O157:H7 67 76 92644 10.22059/jvr.2022.333699.3207 FA Sepideh Asadi Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-3659-6745 Bahar Nayeri Fasaei Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Taghi Zahraei Salehi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5665-5757 Ramak Yahya Rayat Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Nemat Shams Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2023 02 13 BACKGROUND: The use of plant compounds and their derivatives, such as extracts and essential oils, for combating infectious agents has attracted a great deal of scientific attention. One of the active antimicrobial compounds with plant origin is carvacrol. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of carvacrol alone and in combination with the antibiotic cefixime against Escherichia coli O157:H7. METHODS: The antibacterial properties of carvacrol and cefexime were evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and disk diffusion method. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the interaction between the carvacrol and cefexime and to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration. RESULTS: The results showed that the MIC and MBC of carvacrol and cefexime against E.coli O157:H7 were 250, 250 μg/ml (MIC, MBC) and 128, 128 μg/ml (MIC, MBC), respectively. In the checkerboard test, carvacrol was found to have a synergistic interaction with antibiotic cefixime against E. coli O157:H7 (FIC index=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the significant antibacterial activity of carvacrol, the present study introduced this agent as a new antibacterial drug with a natural origin. In addition, since carvacrol significantly increased the antibacterial potential of cefixime (synergistic properties), it could be considered as an effective compound for increasing the antibacterial power of cefixime antibiotic. BACKGROUND: The use of plant compounds and their derivatives, such as extracts and essential oils, for combating infectious agents has attracted a great deal of scientific attention. One of the active antimicrobial compounds with plant origin is carvacrol. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of carvacrol alone and in combination with the antibiotic cefixime against Escherichia coli O157:H7. METHODS: The antibacterial properties of carvacrol and cefexime were evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and disk diffusion method. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the interaction between the carvacrol and cefexime and to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration. RESULTS: The results showed that the MIC and MBC of carvacrol and cefexime against E.coli O157:H7 were 250, 250 μg/ml (MIC, MBC) and 128, 128 μg/ml (MIC, MBC), respectively. In the checkerboard test, carvacrol was found to have a synergistic interaction with antibiotic cefixime against E. coli O157:H7 (FIC index=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the significant antibacterial activity of carvacrol, the present study introduced this agent as a new antibacterial drug with a natural origin. In addition, since carvacrol significantly increased the antibacterial potential of cefixime (synergistic properties), it could be considered as an effective compound for increasing the antibacterial power of cefixime antibiotic.

https://jvr.ut.ac.ir/article_92644_c335282d3ef5e4ba3fd949917051965c.pdf