The effects of iron nanoparticles in combination with Lactobacillus casei on growth parameters and probiotic counts in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine

Authors

1 Department of Fishery, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran

2 Department of Pathobiology and Quality Control, Artemia and Aquatic Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Today the use of natural substances plays a major role in improving the growth and immunity of aquatic organisms. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Iron nanoparticles with Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic on growth parameters and probiotic counts in rainbow trout intestine. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty fish with 12±0.49 g initial weight were prepared and after acclimatized to the laboratory conditions divided randomly into six groups. First group was selected as control, other groups were fed with a commercial diet supplemented with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei (group 2), 50 µg/kg Iron nanoparticles (group 3), 100 µg/kg Iron nanoparticles (group 4), 50 µg/kg Iron nanoparticles with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei (group 5) and 100 µg/kg Iron nanoparticles with 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei (group 6), respectively. Biometry and intestine bacteriologic examination were carried out at days 0 and 60. RESULTS: Results showed that growth parameters (weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, and condition factor and food conversion rate) were significantly higher in group 5 compared with the other groups. Also, intestine bacterial counts increased by using Iron nanoparticles in combination with Lactobacillus casei. The fish that received 100 µg/kg Iron nanoparticles and probiotic had significantly higher bacterial counts in their intestine compared with the other groups. CONCLUSSIONS: Based on the obtained results we conclude that diet supplementation with Iron nanoparticles and Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic could significantly improve growth parameters in rainbow trout. However, these results would warrant further study on the clinical application of these agents.

Keywords

References

Andersen, F., Lorentzen, M., Waagbo, R., Maage, A. (1997) Bioavail-ability and interactions with other micronutrients of three dietary iron sources in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts. Aquacult Nutr. 3: 239-346.
Austin, B., Stuckey, L.F., Robertson, P.A.W., Effendi, I., Griffith, D.R.W. (1995) A probiotic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus effective in reducing diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguilarum and Vibrio ordalii. J Fish Dis.18: 93-96.
Austreng, E. (1978) Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaculture. 13: 265-272.
Bairagi, A., Sarkar Ghosh, K., Sen, S.K., Ray, A.K. (2002) Enzyme producing bacterial flora isolated from fish digestive tracts. Aquacult Int. 10: 109-121.
Barton, J.C, Edwards, C.Q. (2000) Hemo-chromatosis: Genetics, Patho-physiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
Behera, T., Swain, P., Rangacharulu, M., Samant, M.  (2013) Samant Nano-Fe as feed additive improves the hematological and immunological parameters of fish, Labeo rohita H. Appl Nanosci. 1: 1-8.
Bhaskaram, P. (1988) Immunology of iron deficient subjects. In: Nutrition and Immunology. Chandra, R.K. (ed.). (1st ed.) Alan, R. Liss, WB. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, USA.  p. 149-168.
Douillet, P.A., Langdon, C.J. (1994) Use of a probiotic for the culture of pacific oyster (Crassotrea gigas, thunberg). Aquaculture. 199: 25-40.
FAO. (2011) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department has Published the Global Aquaculture Production Statistics.Rome, Italy.
Fuller, R. (1989) A review: probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol. 66: 365-378.
Gatlin, D.M., Wilson, R.P. (1986) Characterization of iron deficiency and the dietary iron requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture. 52:191-198.
Gatesoupe, F.J. (1998) Siderophore production and probiotic effect of Vibrio spp. associated with turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus. Aquat Living Resour. 10: 239-246.
Gomez-Gill, B., Rouque, A., Turnbull, J.F. (2000) The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larva aquatic organisms. Aquaculture. 191: 259-270.
Hevroy, E.M., Espe, M., Waagbo, R., Sandness, K., Rund, M., Hemre, G.I. (2005) Nutrition utilization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) fed increased level of fish protein hydrolysate during a period of fast growth. Aquacult Nutr. 11: 301-313.
Hilty, F.M., Arnold, M., Hilbe, M., Teleki, A., Knijnenburg, J.T., Ehrensperger, F., Hurrell, F., Pratsinis, S.E., Langhans, W., Ziammermann, M.B.  (2010) Iron from nanocompounds containing iron and zinc is highly bioavailable in rats without tissue accumulation. Nat Nanotechnol. 5: 374-380.
Huang, S.S., FUC, H.L., Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Schulte, P.M., Brauner, C.J. (2008) Effect of dietary canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ion regulatory development of spring Chinook salmon parr (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture. 274: 109-117.
Huber, D.L. (2005) Synthesis, properties, and applications of iron nanoparticles. Small. 1: 482-501.
Irianto, A., Austin, B. (2002) Probiotic in aqua-culture. J Fish Dis. 25: 1-10.
Kreyling, W.G., Semmler-Behnke, M., Chaudhry, Q.A. (2010) Complementary definition of nano-material. Nanotoday. 3: 165-8.
Lee, Y.H., Layman, D.K., Bell, R.B., Norton, H.W. (1981) Response of glutathione peroxidase and catalase to excess dietary iron in rats. J Nutr. 111: 2195-2202.
Merrifield, D., Bardley, G., Baker, R., Davies, S. (2009) Probiotic applications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria post antibiotic treatment. Aquacult Nutr. 16: 496-503.
Nikoskelainen, S., Ouwehand, A., Bylund, G., Salminen, S., Lilius, E.M. (2003) Immune enhancement in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by potential probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 15: 443-452.
Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., Hirono, I., Kobayashi, T., Sugita, H., Puanqlaewe, J., Aoki, T.  (2007) Immune modulation and expression of cytokine genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss upon probiotic feeding. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 31: 372-382.
Prochorov, A.M., Pavlov, G.V., Godwin, A.C., Okpattah, K.A.V. (2011) Nanotechnology in agriculture and food production. J Appl Environ Biol Sci. 1: 414-419.
Rahmati Andani, H.R., Tukmechi, A., Meshkini, S., Ebrahimi, H. (1389) Enhancement of rainbow trout resistant against Aeromonas hydrophyla and Yersinia ruckeri with isolated Lactobacilli from common carp intestine. Iran J Vet Med. 7: 26-35.
Rahmati Andani, H.R., Tukmechi, A., Meshkini, S., Sheikhzadeh, N. (2012) Antagonistic activity of two potential probiotic bacteria from fish intestines and investigation of their effects on growth performance and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Appl Ichthyol. 28: 728-734.
Rather, M.A., Sharma, R., Aklakur, M. (2011) Nanotechnology: A Novel Tool for Aquaculture and Fisheries Development. A Prospective Mini-Review. Aquaculture. 23: 12-25.
Roeder, M., Roeder, R.H. (1968) Effect of iron on the growth rate of fishes. J Nutri. 90: 86-90.
Salminen, S., Ouwehand, A., Benno, Y., Lee, Y.K. (1999) Probiotics: how should they be defined. Trends Food Sci Technol. 10: 107-110.
Serrano, P.H. (2005) Responsible Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture. (1st ed.) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper.
Tukmechi, A., Rahmati Andani, H.R., Manaffar, R., Sheikhzadeh, N. (2011) Dietary administration of b-mercapto-ethanol treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 30: 923-928.
Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Huys, G., Dhont, J., Sorgeloos, P., Verstraete, W. (1999) Microbial control of the culture of Artemia juveniles through preemptive colonization by selected bacterial strains. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65: 2527-2533.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics