Vitamin C supplementation to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet and analysis of growth indices, survival and carcass composition at two different stocking densities

Authors

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas-Iran

2 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht-Iran

3 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari-Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Vitamin C is one of the important nutrients in fish culture and as a potent anti-oxidant, is of great importance in preserving cells against oxidation and boosting resistance in stress conditions and against pathogens. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study is to add high level of vitamin C supplementation to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet reared at high density and analysis of growth indices, survival and carcass composition at two different stocking densities. METHODS: Rainbow trout juveniles with initial body weight of 9.6 ± 0.69 g at two densities of 50 and 100 pieces in 50 liters of water were fed two diets containing the same level of protein and fat. Experimental diets were diet 1 without adding vitamin and diet 2 with adding 1500 mg/kg of vitamin C. A total number of 900 rainbow trout juveniles in four treatments each with three replicates as T50 (0) (with the density of 50 and fed with diet 1), T100 (0) (with the density of 100 and fed with diet 1), T50 (C) (with the density of 50 and fed with diet 2) and T100 (C) (with the density of 100 and fed with diet 2) were randomly distributed in incubators. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of feeding, growth indices, feed conversion ratio and viability were significantly different between treatments (p<0.05). T50 (0) and T50(C) treatments had higher weight gain, specific growth rate and viability than T100 (0) and T100(C) (p<0.05). In the case of feed conversion ratio, it was higher in T100 (0) and T100(C) treatments compared to T50 (0) and T50(C) ones (p<0.05). Carcass composition was not significantly different between treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that vitamin C supplementation in the diet of rainbow trout juveniles did not have significant effects on growth indices, feed conversion ratio, survival and carcass composition but density was a key factor in growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in this species.

Keywords


AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). (2005) Official Method of Analysis. (18th ad.) Washington, D.C. USA.
Barton, B.A., Iwama, G.K. (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Aquaculture. 10: 3-26.
Blazer, V.S. (1992) Nutrition and disease resistance in fish. Ann Rev Fish Dis. 2: 309-323.
Dabrowski, K. (1990) Absorption of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate and ascorbate metabolism in   Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Comp Physiol B. 160: 549-561.
Dabrowski, K., Matusiewics, K., Matusiewics, M., Hoppe, P.P., Ebeling, J. (1996) Bioavailability of vitamin C from two ascorbyl monophosphate esters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). Aquac Nutr. 2: 3-10.
Gabaudan, J., Verlhac, V. (1994) Biological efficacy of Rovimix Stay - C as a source of vitamin C for salmonids. Aquac Res. 25: 128.
Gholipour, F., Allameh, S.K., Arani, M.M., Nasr, M. (2006) Effect of density on growth and feed conversion ratio in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pajouhesh & Sazandegi. (In Persian). 70: 23-27.
Martinez, C., Fernandez, C. (1991) Influence of stock density on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) growth. J Appl Ichthyol. 20: 79-90.
Matusiewicz, M., Dabrowski, K., Volker, L., Matusiewicz, K. (1994) Regulation of saturation and depletion of AA in rainbow trout. J Nutr Biochem. 6: 204-212.
Merchie, G., Lavens, P., Storch, V., Nelis, H., De Leenheer, A., Sorgeloos, P. (1996) Influence of dietary   vitamin C  dosage on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labarax) nursery stage. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 114: 123-133.
Merchie, G., Lavens, P., Sorgeloos, P. (1997) Optimization of dietary vitamin C in fish and crustacean larvae: a review. Aquaculture. 155: 165-181.
Merino, G.E., Piedrahita, R.H., Conklin, D.E. (2007) The effect of fish stocking density on the growth of California halibut (Paralichthys  californicus)  juveniles. Aquaculture. 265: 176-186.
Misra, C.K., Mukherjee, S.C., Pradhan, J. (2006) Effects of dietary vitamin C on immunity, growth and survival of  Indian  major carp  Labeo rohita,  finger-lings. Aquac Nutr. 13: 35-44.
Montero, D., Tort, L., Izquierdo, M.S., Robaina, L., Vergara, J.M. (1999) Effect of vitamin E and C dietary supplementation on some  immune para-meters of gilthead seabream (Sparu aurata) juveniles subjected to crowding stress. Aquaculture. 171: 269-278.
NRC (National Research Council). (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. USA.
Ortuno, J., Cuesta, A., Esteban, M.A., Meseguer, J. (2001) Effect of oral administration of high dietary vitamin C and E dosages on the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Aquaculture. 79: 167-180.
Panush, R.S., Delafuente, J.C. (1985) Vitamins and immuno competence. J Nutr. 45: 97-123.
Rafatnejad, S., Falahatkar, B., Toloei Gilani, M.H., Ebrahimzadeh Sheikhani, M., Heidari Ghadikolaei, M. (2010) Effect of different stocking densities on some water quality parameters and growth indices in Beluga (Huso huso) in rearing tanks. Iran Vet J. 6: 38-35.
Saoud, P.I., Ghanawi, J., Lebbos, N. (2006) Effects of stocking density on the survival, growth, size variation and condition index of juvenile rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). Aquaculture. 16: 109-116.
Sedgwick, S.D. (2001) Trout Farming Handbook. (5th ed.) Fishing News Book. Oxford, UK. 
Thomas, P. (1990) Molecular and biochemical responses of fish to stressors and their potential use in environmental monitoring. Am Fish Soc Symp. 8: 9-28.
Trenzado, C.E., de la Higuera, M., Morales, A.E. (2006) Influence of dietary vitamins E and C and HUFA on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) performance under crowding conditions. Aquaculture. 263: 249-258.
Vazzana, M., Cammarata, M., Cooper, E.L., Parrinello, N. (2002) Effect of stress in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) depresses peritoneal leukocyte cytotoxicity. Aquaculture. 210: 231-243.
Wahli, T., Verlhac, V., Gabaudan, J., Schuep, W., Meier, W. (1998) Influence  of  combined  vitamin C and  E on  non-specific immunity and disease  resist-ance of  rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis. 21: 127-137.
Wang, Y., Kong, L.J., Li, C., Bureau, D.P. (2006) Effect of replacing fish  meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides). Aquaculture. 261: 1307-1313.
Webster, C.D., Tidwell, H.J., Tiu, L.S., Yancey, D.H. (1995) Use of  soybean meal as partial or total substitute of fish meal in diets for blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). Aquat Living Resour. 8: 379-384.